Although camel caravans are a rarity in Uzbekistan today, the allure of exploring this historic country remains compelling, whether by train or truck.

Travelers will encounter a variety of transport options, ranging from the exquisite decor of Tashkent’s metro system to overnight trains traversing the Central Asian steppe.

By utilizing a mix of trains, shared taxis, and car rentals, you can navigate the ancient Silk Roads connecting Khiva and Bukhara. Alternatively, you may follow the paths of historical figures such as Genghis Khan and Alexander the Great en route to renowned regions like Bactria or the Fergana Valley. Indeed, the journey itself in Uzbekistan often proves to be as enjoyable as the destinations.

Whether you intend to travel with Uzbeks in a train or shared taxi or prefer a private tour, here are the most effective means of transportation in Uzbekistan.

Trace the Silk Road on a train

Traveling across Uzbekistan by train is an essential experience for many, especially when partaking in an expansive trans-Asia rail journey that spans from the Kazakh steppe to the deserts of western China. Numerous train lines span Uzbekistan, from Nukus in the northwest to the capital, Tashkent, and further to the Fergana Valley or Termiz at the border with Afghanistan. This mode of travel provides a wonderfully romantic means to traverse the region.

There are two primary types of trains available. Modern, high-speed, Spanish-built trains offer airplane-style seating on routes from Tashkent to Samarkand and onward to Bukhara; you can choose between the rapid Afrosiyob trains (2½ hours) and the slightly slower Sharq services (3 hours). Additional express trains connect Tashkent with the towns of Kokand, Margilon, and Andijon found in the Fergana Valley. These options undoubtedly offer the most efficient and pleasant means of traveling between Uzbekistan’s key Silk Road attractions.

The other type encompasses slower long-distance services, utilizing Soviet-era stock that traverses at a more leisurely pace. Well-suited for sleeper services, these trains operate between Tashkent and Bukhara (8 hours), Khiva (14 hours), Nukus (22 hours), and Termiz (15 hours). An extensive 23-hour Khiva–Andijon service traverses the complete length of the country.

Travelers can select from two-berth carriages (SV class), four-berth carriages (kupe), or open carriages (platskartny); while the bedding is not luxurious, it is sufficiently comfortable. Opting for a kupe is generally the best choice for most visitors, allowing you to save on accommodation while offering privacy. It is advisable to bring food and beverages for the journey, which can be enjoyed with your fellow travelers before drifting off to sleep to the gentle rhythm of the train crossing the vast steppe.

Acquire train tickets as early as possible (up to 45 days in advance), preferably online or via the convenient Uzbekistan Railways app (available for Android and iOS). Alternatively, tickets can be purchased at the VIP counter at the railway station or at centrally located city ticket offices.

Rub shoulders with the locals in a shared taxi

For shorter intercity travel, securing a seat in a shared taxi proves to be the most convenient option. Drivers congregate at designated stands in most cities; once all four passenger seats are filled, the journey commences at rapid speeds. For greater comfort, opt for the front seat. If traveling as a couple, it may be wise to reserve all three seats in the back.

Having a basic understanding of Russian or Uzbek, alongside knowledge of the prevailing fare, can mitigate the risk of being overcharged. Common shared-taxi routes connect Bukhara to Khiva and various cities within the Fergana Valley; a direct route also runs from Samarkand over the mountains to Shakhrisabz. These taxis are particularly efficient for transit between land borders and the nearest towns.

Be wowed by the Tashkent Metro

Tashkent’s remarkable Soviet-built metro system was established following the 1966 earthquake by the same architects responsible for Moscow’s striking metro system. It serves as an efficient means of transport throughout the sprawling capital and is also a captivating attraction, featuring stations adorned with stunning designs. Expect psychedelic cosmic themes at the Kosmonavtlar (Cosmonaut) station and Central Asian motifs at Alisher Navoi. Photography is permitted in all stations.

Individual tickets cost less than US$0.15, regardless of distance, enabling a tour of multiple stations for the price of a single ticket, provided you do not exit the system. The three lines converge at three major stations, with a new fourth line currently operating partially.

Get around town by marshrutka

The term marshrutka, derived from Russian, refers to any minibus that adheres to a designated route, encompassing slightly larger intercity vans as well. These small vehicles are frequently seen navigating larger cities, where they can be advantageous for local sightseeing—assuming you can decipher their routes. A potential drawback is the cramped seating typically offered.

Use Uzbekistan’s taxi apps to save

Official city taxis bear a company name or a checkered black-and-white sign on the dashboard; however, many private vehicles operate as unofficial taxis. It is advisable to agree on a fare before entering the vehicle, though generally fares are quite reasonable. Utilizing official taxis or reserving a taxi in advance is recommended, especially during late hours.

Upon obtaining a local SIM card on your smartphone, you can access Yandex Go, Yango, or MyTaxi apps upon arriving in Uzbekistan (the applications cannot be downloaded from abroad), allowing you to summon fixed-rate taxis similar to Uber services. This process simplifies fare negotiations with drivers. The fixed fare will be displayed in the app prior to getting in, and payment can be made either via card or in cash.

Buses are a vanishing form of transport

Buses are generally considered the least comfortable means of travel in Uzbekistan. Long-distance coaches tend to be slow and unreliable, and finding one may prove challenging. Local bus routes within major cities, however, can be quite useful; for instance, Tashkent boasts a new fleet of electric buses.

Traveling by bike is for determined cyclists only

While some adventurous long-distance cyclists make their way through Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan generally draw more cycling enthusiasts. Intercity cycling in Uzbekistan can be quite demanding due to the intense summer heat and complications related to camping registration.

Hire your own car and driver for a comfortable private tour…

Finding private drivers for city tours or day trips is relatively simple, particularly for popular excursions from Samarkand to Shakhrisabz or from Khiva to Karakalpakstan’s desert fortresses. Any bed and breakfast or travel agency can assist in connecting you with a dependable driver; moreover, multi-day trips can be arranged with adequate notice.

…or get behind the wheel yourself for a proper Silk Road adventure

Renting a car without a driver is now feasible through firms like RentCar.uz and Sixt, allowing you to drive independently along the historic route to Samarkand. An international driving permit is not required, although a substantial cash deposit is typically necessary.

Strap in for an Uzbekistan Airways flight to save time

Uzbekistan Airways operates several domestic routes, maintaining safety standards akin to most international airlines. Particularly useful are the daily flights from Tashkent to Nukus and Urgench, along with additional services to Bukhara and other locations.

Tickets can be purchased online via various international ticket websites or at local aviakassa (ticket office). A one-way flight from Tashkent to Nukus or Urgench may cost as little as US$60 and last less than two hours, a significant reduction compared to a lengthy 13-hour road trip.

Accessible transportation in Uzbekistan

Local operators possess limited proficiency in accommodating travelers with disabilities. Coupled with the intricate layouts of historical cities like Bukhara and Khiva, mobility can pose challenges for individuals with limited mobility. Nevertheless, the country has made some strides: for example, the modern Afrosiyob train from Tashkent to Samarkand and Bukhara features a designated area with secure wheelchair anchorage, along with an accessible restroom nearby.

For further convenience, it is recommended to hire a minivan or taxi (or purchase all seats in a shared taxi) to transport your folding wheelchair. At regional airports, embarkation and disembarkation typically utilize moveable staircases, making domestic flights less suitable for individuals with mobility challenges.