Ultimate Guide to Navigating Tanzania: Travel Tips and Transportation

The majority of visitors to Tanzania are eager to experience the wilderness of the African bush. Consequently, the roads connecting notable locations within the well-traveled Northern Circuit—linking the Serengeti, Ngorongoro Crater, Kilimanjaro National Park, along with several additional attractions and wildlife reserves—are well-maintained.

However, outside these touristed regions, overland travel can be challenging and uncomfortable. Many travelers prefer to cover considerable distances by air, especially when accessing secluded lodges and tented camps in Tanzania’s national parks; nonetheless, this mode of travel can be costly.

For those unable to afford substantial air transfer fees, buses represent an excellent alternative. Within urban centers and towns, dalla dalla (community minibuses), boda boda (motorcycle taxis), and bajaji (tuk-tuks) are all less expensive than standard taxis. Additionally, trains operate within Tanzania’s modest rail network, and boats connect various islands throughout the Indian Ocean and towns along Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika.

Numerous adventurous travelers opt to self-drive using a rented 4WD vehicle; conversely, driving conditions and potential crime present notable challenges. Away from urban areas, roads often lack pavement and can pose significant driving difficulties—therefore, one should avoid ambitious travel plans regarding daily distances. Below is a guide to the most effective transportation strategies in Tanzania.

Flying is the fastest way to get around Tanzania

Tanzania features three international airports, serviced by various international and regional airlines, with particularly strong connections to other parts of Africa and the Gulf region. In Dar es Salaam, Julius Nyerere International Airport serves as the primary international hub, facilitating connecting flights to regional airports and private airstrips across Tanzania.

Reputed as the “Gateway to Africa’s Wildlife Heritage,” Kilimanjaro International Airport (situated between Arusha and Moshi in Hai District) accommodates flights from a limited number of countries in Europe and the Middle East, in addition to local and charter flights to and from the national parks in northern Tanzania.

In Zanzibar, Abeid Amani Karume International Airport attracts tourists seeking white sands, azure skies, and temperate ocean waters, featuring numerous connections to various African capitals and the Middle East, along with seasonal flights from Europe.

Domestic airlines, such as Air Tanzania and Coastal Aviation, operate daily flights from major cities to popular tourist destinations including Arusha, Zanzibar, Mafia Island, Mwanza, Pemba Island, and Iringa. Some smaller towns and islands may host less frequent scheduled flights operated by small aircraft with limited baggage capacities.

Tip for flying in Tanzania: Numerous high-end safari lodges maintain their own airstrips and utilize private charter companies to transport guests, thereby circumventing lengthy road travel. Typically, fares are factored into the final amount paid, yet many charter airlines impose a 15kg per passenger baggage allowance and prefer passengers to utilize soft-sided bags instead of rigid suitcases.

Rent a 4WD to explore Tanzania independently

Tanzania boasts an extensive road network spanning nearly 90,000km (56,000 miles), yet only 15% of these roads are paved. If local driving conditions do not deter you, embarking on a road trip alone or with companions can be an immensely rewarding method of exploration.

Given that road conditions degrade rapidly after leaving major urban centers, securing a Land Cruiser or similar 4WD, accompanied by a driver, is advisable. Your driver will serve as an informal tour guide and will be vastly more at ease navigating Tanzania’s pothole-riddled roads.

Vehicle rental agencies located in principal towns and cities like Dar es Salaam and Arusha offer rates beginning at approximately US$50 per day for a basic 2WD vehicle and exceeding US$150 per day for a 4WD. Insurance incurs additional costs, and an extra US$30 to US$50 per day is typical for a driver. Most rental companies provide roadside assistance in the event of mechanical difficulties.

To rent a vehicle, a valid driver’s license must be presented at the agency. Most institutions will accept an English-version driver’s license from your home country; however, it is advisable to carry an International Driving Permit if your license is not in English. For national park excursions, a 4WD equipped with camping supplies may also be available; however, night driving is best avoided due to the prevalence of potholes and wildlife. During the daylight, wild animals and pedestrians can unexpectedly enter the roadway, posing additional risks.

Tip for renting a car in Tanzania: When parking in urban areas, car guards or attendants typically oversee your vehicle for a minimal fee, providing a receipt to display on your dashboard. Never leave valuables in your vehicle, and keep doors locked while driving in town to mitigate the risk of theft.

Taxis and ride-shares are useful for city hops and airport transfers

At most airports, bus terminals, train stations, and shopping centers within urban limits, finding a taxi is generally uncomplicated. Tanzanian taxis are predominantly white, or they may have white license plates, and can be hailed from the roadside; however, requesting one through your hotel or restaurant concierge is often more convenient.

Additionally, Uber has carved a lucrative market in Tanzania, making ride-shares a straightforward choice. Many hotels and lodges offer in-house shuttles for transfers to and from airports or other transport hubs.

Tips for taking taxis in Tanzania: Tanzanian taxis do not utilize meters, making it imperative to always negotiate a fare prior to boarding. At the airports in Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar, taxi associations publish fare schedules to major destinations as a reference.

Buses are an inexpensive way to travel in Tanzania

For those on a budget, Tanzania features a comprehensive bus network that covers nearly every reachable location by road. The John Magufuli Bus Terminal in Dar es Salaam accommodates approximately 3,000 buses each day traveling to all corners of the nation. While buses can traverse major intercity routes relatively quickly, they may decelerate on lesser-known roads, and frequent stops are standard practice.

A variety of bus companies operate routes from Dar es Salaam to coastal areas and towns throughout Tanzania, as well as to border crossings with adjacent countries, including some international services to Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda. Buses vary widely, ranging from basic models to luxury vehicles equipped with air conditioning and restrooms, all of which typically include regular breaks for meals and toilet stops. Kilimanjaro Express, Shabiby Line, Dar Express, and Ratco Express are recognized as some of the most reliable and comfortable providers.

Local buses are handy for exploring big cities

To alleviate traffic congestion in Dar es Salaam, the Tanzanian government established the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, assisting millions of residents in avoiding the city’s notorious traffic jams. Buses utilize dedicated lanes, enabling efficient movement—estimates suggest that this system returns six days of travel annually to city residents.

While the BRT currently covers only portions of Dar es Salaam, it proves beneficial for navigating the city center. Ticket offices corresponding to bus routes can be located on elevated walkways above the road. The destination for each bus is illuminated at the front, complemented by route maps at all stations.

Tip for getting around by bus in Dar es Salaam: The third floor of the John Magufuli Bus Terminal is where tickets can be obtained. Numerous companies operate from this location; therefore, it is prudent to compare prices and schedules prior to purchasing. Exercise caution in regard to individuals offering assistance with ticket purchases; approach the ticket office directly to ensure appropriate fare payment. The second floor contains a waiting area as well as an indoor market for food and souvenirs, with mobile charging facilities available.

Trains are an atmospheric and cheap way to explore Tanzania

Traveling by train within Tanzania presents a cost-effective alternative, although service reliability may vary. The Tanzania Railways Corporation (TRC) operates a deluxe passenger service from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma located on Lake Tanganyika in Western Tanzania, as well as limited commuter train service in Dar es Salaam.

TRC also maintains several passenger routes per week from Dar es Salaam to Arusha via Moshi, to Mwanza via Tabora, and connections between Tabora and Mpanda. For schedules, refer to their website. It is advisable to opt for 1st or 2nd-class tickets that include onboard catering and Wi-Fi, rather than cramming into seating-only 3rd-class accommodations.

The Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) provides express and standard passenger services from Dar es Salaam to New Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia through Mbeya and Tunduma. Again, tickets are available in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd classes, and to ensure a comfortable journey, it is recommended to book your seat in the higher categories at least one or two days in advance.

Ferries and water taxis link coastal islands and lakeside towns

Ferries and water taxis transport travelers from the mainland to the islands of Unguja (Zanzibar and Pemba) and among the various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. Azam Marine is among several providers facilitating passage between Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar. Typically, ferry tickets can only be purchased in US dollars. Additionally, local cruises aboard chartered dhows are in high demand.

A number of ferry services connect towns along the peripheries of Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika (and occasionally Lake Nyasa); however, schedules are subject to frequent alterations. For safety, travelers should stick to daytime ferry operations and avoid navigating during inclement weather.

Local transport is cheap but crowded

The dalla dalla—a shared minibus operating similarly to a local bus service—is ubiquitous in Tanzania. These nimble minibuses offer an excellent opportunity to explore the country and engage with Tanzanian culture, although they can often be overcrowded. It is advisable to avoid the front seats adjacent to the driver due to the frequency of collisions. While many dalla dalla follow set routes, they are known to stop anywhere for passenger drop-offs and pickups.

If speed is of the essence, consider utilizing a boda boda (motorcycle taxi). This option is both economical and swift; nonetheless, it also carries significant risks. Drivers seldom provide additional helmets for passengers, and it is not uncommon for a driver to transport multiple passengers at once.

For a safer alternative, the bajaji serves as an extremely practical means of transport across Tanzania. These tuk-tuks, derived from Indian design, operate on three wheels and are prevalent in urban areas, though they may be scarce in rural locales. They also tend to accumulate dust, given that the cab is partially open.

Tips for local transport in Tanzania: Carry as much small change as possible when relying on local transport to facilitate exact fare payments. Drivers frequently lack change, especially for larger bills. Engage with local residents to gain insight into typical fares and negotiate pricing with the driver before boarding.

Accessible transportation in Tanzania

While dedicated facilities for travelers with disabilities are limited, Tanzanians are generally accommodating and eager to assist whenever possible. Sidewalks frequently lack accessibility for wheelchairs; however, tour agencies in Dar es Salaam and Arusha can arrange safaris tailored for individuals with mobility challenges. It is important to note that most hotels do not feature elevators, and many have steps at their entrances. Game lodges are typically located at ground level, yet pathways can be uneven and rocky. It is advisable to contact lodges in advance should you have specific requirements.

This article contains information pertinent to transportation options available in Tanzania, which travelers can utilize to explore the remarkable landscapes and culture of this vibrant nation.

This article was first published on March 3, 2022, and updated on November 23, 2023.