Your carry-on suitcase is the result of nearly 1,000 years of innovation.
The history of the suitcase is a story of people in migration. From newly arrived immigrants stepping off the boats at Ellis Island to first-time travelers boarding an airplane to a long-awaited destination, what people choose to carry—and how—is about more than functionality.
Evolving to fit the trends and needs of its time, the suitcase has been indispensable to travelers of all kinds while reflecting the things they value most.
For instance, Braceros, the Mexican workers who commuted back and forth to the U.S. in the mid-20th century, often left their home country with knapsacks or other bags but returned to Mexico carrying shiny new suitcases as a symbol of their accomplishments.
“The suitcase also signified that they were a different kind of traveler returning to Mexico, that they were no longer migrant workers but these cosmopolitan men,” Mireya Loza, a labor and migration expert for the National Museum of American History, said. “The suitcase then took on multiple meanings in terms of its status and function.”
While the popular imagination dates the beginning of the suitcase to the period of industrialization in the 1800s when well-heeled travelers stood on smoke-filled platforms ready to board their trains for summer excursions, the story begins much earlier.
The Knights Templar were the first to make use of wheeled luggage: The soldiers used the wheeled cases to transport armor and other items as early as 1153 during the Crusades, according to some accounts.
The recorded history of luggage for the next several hundred years remains sparse, with few specific accounts of how personal belongings were transported other than in trunks or bundles.
By 1596, the Oxford English dictionary added the word “luggage” to its tomes. The word meant “denoting inconveniently heavy baggage” and came from the verb “lug.” Throughout the 17th and 18th century, art and literature portrays the migrations of people across Europe in particular, usually depicting travelers walking or riding horses as they carry knapsacks, bindles, and other loose bags.
The golden age of luggage indeed arrived in the 19th century, as travel became a part of the social capital of the wealthy and powerful.
This status shift is reflected even in the literature of the time, with pivotal moments and entire books being based off travel and its related technological advances. Whether it’s Anna Karenina waiting for her fateful train or Phileas Fogg refusing to take any trunks on his worldwide voyage, travel and its trappings began to occupy a larger space in the cultural imagination.
One of the most prominent real-life figures in this shift was Louis Vuitton, a young Parisian trunk-maker who helped create one of the most recognizable luxury brands in the world.
When the young Louis arrived in Paris at the age of 16 in 1821, he became an apprentice to box-maker Monsieur Maréchal. After honing his craft for 17 years, Vuitton would finally open his own brand under his name bearing the well-known logo.
“Securely packs the most fragile objects. Specializing in packing fashions,” read Vuitton’s first poster, according to Gentleman’s Quarterly. Consequently, Louis Vuitton products became more than a way of transporting fashion: They were fashion.
Vuitton is credited with creating the first slatted trunk that would become ubiquitous with train travel of the 19th century. The brand also built its reputation around the strength of its luggage locks, and Vuitton even publicly challenged magician Harry Houdini to attempt to break out of one of his locks in 1890. Houdini reportedly did not respond.
As industrialization, steamer travel, and ever-widening railroads stretched from the 19th into the 20th century, more people than ever could travel. Trunk-makers rushed to outfit this new generation of travelers.
What we now consider the “suitcase” was invented at the turn of the 20th century, and it was intended as a lightweight, compact carrier designed to transport a dress-suit without wrinkling it.
Across the ocean from Vuitton’s workshop, businessman Jesse Shwayder returned from New York to his hometown in Colorado to start a small business with his brothers in the early 1900s. The brothers opened shop in 1910 manufacturing trunks as the Shwayder Brothers. That company would eventually become known as Samsonite.
Since then, the company has pioneered many innovations in luggage throughout the 20th century, spearheading the charge to use materials such as vulcanized fiber and polypropylene.
“Samsonite is all about quality, innovation, durability,” a Samsonite spokesperson remarked, adding, “we have always been at the forefront of what’s new in luggage, and we will continue to lead.”
The dawn of air travel ushered in a new era of innovation in luggage. As people worldwide took to the skies commercially in the late 1950s, travelers required suitcases that could fit in overhead compartments or be safely lugged around an airport.
Synthetic materials became increasingly popular, as did plastic handles specifically, according to a report in Smithsonian magazine in 2014.
As many weary travelers can attest to, perhaps one of the greatest inventions in luggage in the 20th century came from Bernard Sadow, who first patented wheeled luggage in 1974.
He came up with the idea while dragging heavy suitcases through customs following a family vacation to Aruba, according to The New York Times. Watching an airport employee push a cart of luggage on wheels inspired him to create individual wheels for bags and add them to a line of suitcases at the luggage company where he worked as a vice president.
Despite its utility, the idea did not take off immediately. Men, in particular, were very resistant to the concept of wheeled luggage, and certain department stores refused to carry the bags, citing that they were too effeminate for male customers.
“It was a very macho thing,” Sadow told the Times.
Eventually, consumers got past their preconceived notions about rolled luggage, and wheels on suitcases are now just as omnipresent as a handle.
The next phase in the future of luggage includes smart technology such as devices that track your luggage remotely. This trend toward robotics has been seen across the travel industry, particularly with start-ups looking to create autonomous suitcases that can follow their owners around an airport.
While autonomous luggage may sound like a foreign idea to some, it continues in the trend of what suitcase design has always aimed to do: adapt to a traveler’s needs and preferences.
With booms in budget airlines, more people have been able to travel than ever before, and this growing population demands ease of use, durability, and style. Robotic suitcases are just one answer to the demand for luggage that is as intuitive as our other devices.
