Summary
Historically, prominent figures resided on the island of Samos, including the philosopher Epicurus, the astronomer Aristarchus, and, most notably, the mathematician Pythagoras.
You may recall him from the Pythagorean theorem encountered during your academic studies. On Samos, one can visit the caves where it is believed he lived and taught during a self-imposed exile in the 6th century BC. The island is in close proximity to Turkey, across the Micale Strait, and its coastline is embellished with picturesque coves and natural harbors, such as the charming Kokkari.
In addition to being linked with Pythagoras, Samos is renowned for its sweet Muscat wine, crafted from grapes cultivated on elevated mountain terraces.
Let us investigate the premier attractions in Samos:
1. Heraion of Samos
This temple is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in conjunction with Pythagoreion, the remnants of the ancient town of Samos.
Initiated in the late-Archaic Period during the 6th century BC, with much older foundations, this monumental Ionic temple dedicated to Hera was among Ancient Greece’s inaugural large freestanding temples.
It was the third temple erected at this site and was never entirely finished, with construction extending into the Roman Period.
During Byzantine times, as the temple fell out of use as a pagan place of worship, it was systematically dismantled and quarried for its marble.
Presently, only one of the original 115 columns remains standing, although the torus-shaped bases can still be observed in the ground.
Scattered about are architectural fragments such as ionic capitals, stones from the cornice, and a collection of headless votive statues, all accompanied by informative signage.
2. Tunnel of Eupalinos
The ancient engineer Eupalinos designed this tunnel that ascends the slope of Mount Kastro from Pythagoreio.
Constructed in the 6th century BC, the tunnel was the first in history to be excavated from both ends using mathematical calculations.
It was designed as an aqueduct to transport water through Mount Kastro to Ancient Pythagoreion, allowing the city to endure during sieges.
The aqueduct functioned for an entire millennium and is impressive, both in terms of its length (exceeding 1 kilometer) and the calculations that enabled its creation.
Upon your visit, hard hats will be provided, and visitors can select between a basic (20 minutes) or an extended visit (1 hour). Regardless of your choice, arriving early is advisable as temperatures within the tunnel can rise significantly.
3. Kokkari
The fishing village of Kokkari is extraordinarily picturesque.
The harbor experiences diminished fishing activity today, yet maintains a collection of small wooden boats anchored in the waters.
Currently, it is bordered by tavernas and cafes with terraces that line the narrow quaysides.
From your table, you can gaze upon the harbor, which is sheltered by a mole extending east from a charming headland topped with pines and houses that cling to its base.
At the restaurants, the water will nearly lap at your feet as you dine, while individuals enjoy bathing on the narrow pebble beach.
Beyond the two headlands surrounding the harbor lie additional pebble beaches, offering everything one could desire from a compact coastal village.
4. Panagia Spiliani Church
Positioned amid cypress trees and overlooking Anatolia at an elevation of 125 meters on Mount Kastro is a monastery with a cave church.
The cave is unexpectedly extensive, extending 100 meters into the mountainside and has been revered for millennia.
One theory proposes that this is where Pythagoras sought refuge from the Tyrant of Samos, Polycrates, in the 6th century BC (as opposed to the Cave of Pythagoras, which will be addressed below). Here, one can observe the sanctuary housing the marble icon of the Virgin, and nearby, a spring with sanctified water that fishermen would drink before embarking on their voyages.
5. Potami Waterfalls
Situated near Karlovasi is a waterfall that feeds a long, narrow gorge with towering walls.
To reach the base of the initial waterfall, visitors must wade through the pools on the riverbed, necessitating sports shoes or swim shoes due to spending considerable time in the water.
If you are physically fit and possess climbing skills, you may ascend the waterfall using a rope for assistance.
If this is not suitable, you can cautiously navigate a rickety wooden stairway to find an isolated taverna.
From there, a trail will lead you to reconnect with the river at a higher point, and with some effort, you can discover another waterfall that is five meters high, complete with a shimmering pool at its base.
6. Metamorphosis Church
Along the rugged woodland trail by the gorge leading to the Potami Waterfalls, you will encounter the island’s oldest Byzantine church.
The Metamorphosis Church dates back to the 1000s, featuring a cruciform plan and dome, exemplifying a blend of Byzantine and Genoese architecture.
The most intriguing feature here is the collection of marble columns supporting the dome, which likely originated from an ancient monument.
From the chapel, visitors can ascend the hill to examine the ruins of a Venetian castle.
Within a coniferous forest, the remnants of gateways, towers, and curtain walls await exploration amidst stunning vistas.
7. Tsamadou Beach
Just a short distance west of Kokkari lies an exquisite pebble beach accessible via a crumbling path from the main coastal road.
Tsamadou is recognized as the only official nudist beach on Samos, specifically in the eastern section beneath the cliffs.
The remaining portion of the bay features three beach bars equipped with rows of sun loungers.
These lounges are advisable, as the fine pebble surface may prove uncomfortable for reclining.
Fortunately, the bar located at the western end offers sun loungers included with the purchase of a drink.
The water epitomizes the allure expected from a Greek Island, remarkably clear, resembling an aquarium, and gently sloping.
8. Pythagoreio Archaeological Museum
Following your exploration of the Heraion, you can gain a deeper understanding of Ancient Samos at the recently established museum located in the modern city.
Exhibits here include artifacts from a Neolithic settlement atop Kastro Mountain and the Geometric necropolis of Samos (900 BC to 700 BC). One noteworthy piece is the marble statue of Aiakes (540 BC), the father of the Tyrant Polycrates, with whom Pythagoras was in disagreement.
Additionally, an impressive marble sarcophagus resembling a temple can be found from approximately the same era.
The museum is organized chronologically, featuring a Roman and Byzantine gallery showcasing a life-sized statue of Trajan on horseback, busts of Claudius and Augustus, and a collection of 300 Byzantine coins from 600 AD.
9. Livadaki Beach
Located merely ten kilometers from Samos Town, Livadaki may feel farther due to the necessity of navigating a coastal road that adheres closely to the rugged coastline.
Your destination is a beach situated on the island’s far northeast, supervised by a bar and equipped with a grid of sun loungers arranged up to eight rows deep.
This should not deter you, as the beach is extraordinary, and no structures are visible on the verdant slopes surrounding this narrow cove.
The sea is remarkably shallow requiring you to wade out 50 meters before you can swim, and for no additional charge, you can borrow a paddleboard from the bar.
10. Archaeological Museum of Vathy
If you still seek to explore ancient Samian culture, there is an additional repository of artifacts in Vathy.
Among the carved ivory and clay figurines, you will find remarkable sculptures from the Archaic Period, coinciding with the time of Pythagoras and the Heraion.
A notable attraction is the colossal Ionic kouros (a depiction of a youthful male), measuring 5.5 meters tall and dating to the early 6th century BC. From the same century, the Geneleos group features more of the votive statues similar to those at the Heraion, consisting of five female statues and one male.
Some captivating bronze items include a horse’s breastplate depicting Heracles battling the three-headed dog of Hades and a bronze figurine of a horseman.
11. Mount Kerkis
The rugged interior of Samos features 45 designated hiking trails, yet the 1,433-meter Mount Kerkis stands out as a point of universal fascination among visitors.
This peak, an extinct volcano, is the second-highest formation in the Aegean.
Mount Kerkis is adorned with caves and gorges, and during your hike, you will encounter small chapels and monasteries (Megali Panagia, Moni Evangelistrias Marathokambos). Encouragingly, the trail benefits from ample shade provided by the pines on the lower slopes, and you may spot mountain goats accompanied by the sound of bells around their necks.
However, the expansive scree fields near the summit can pose challenges, even for the most experienced hikers.
A round trip may exceed half a day, hence proper preparation is essential.
12. Cave of Pythagoras
At one of the trailheads for ascending Mount Kerkis lies the probable location of the cave where Pythagoras, the ancient philosopher and mathematician, took refuge from Polycrates in the 6th century BC. There are two caves; the larger one is accessible via main steps and was utilized as a classroom and source of drinking water.
At the entrance to this cave is the small white Panagia Sarantaskaliotissa chapel.
The more challenging cave to access is Pythagoras’ dwelling, located at the end of a strenuous path marked by red signs and adjacent to a fig tree.
For both caves, the true purpose of the visit is primarily to share with others that you have been there and to appreciate the stunning maritime views.
13. Lemonakia Beach
Adjacent to Tsamadou lies the enchanting Lemonakia Beach, which, although slightly smaller, rivals its neighbor in natural allure.
Accessible via a 100-meter stairway, Lemonakia appears considerably busier than Tsamadou, perhaps due to the limited space available.
The pebbled beach features an abundance of sun loungers, essential for comfort.
A pair of loungers along with a parasol cost €6 for the day.
It is advisable to bring flip flops or sandals, as the pebbles may be uncomfortable underfoot.
Lemonakia truly excels with its turquoise water, which is more sheltered than that of Tsamadou and remarkably clear.
14. Psili Ammos Beach
Located far from the other beaches listed, Psili Ammos is situated on the Mycale Strait, offering a view of Turkey’s Dilek Peninsula, which lies just 1,200 meters away.
The term “Psili Ammos” translates to “fine sand,” and this beach certainly lives up to its name.
This characteristic provides it with a distinct advantage over some other beaches in Samos.
No swim shoes are required to enter the water, and the sandy seabed invites little fish around your feet in the crystalline sea.
As expected, Psili Ammos is an organized beach where renting sun loungers is priced at €6, a reasonable fee for the serene surroundings.
15. Samian Wine
Within wine circles, Samos is synonymous with sweet Muscat wine, and the northern slopes provide optimal conditions for cultivating these grapes, with vineyards planted on steep terraces at elevations ranging from 600 to 1,000 meters.
At this altitude, the “meltemia” north wind tempers the intense summer sunlight.
However, this wind can also be fierce, prompting vintners to prune their vines to grow close to the ground.
Approximately 95% of the wine produced on Samos is Muscat, and for those interested in witnessing the production process and sampling various varieties, the Vakakis Winery in Karlovasi is an ideal destination.
If Muscat does not appeal to you, Vakakis also offers a selection of red and white wines.
