Summary
Envision rows of oil lamps illuminating the night and pathways adorned with rangoli – intricate designs crafted from flowers and colored sand. Firecrackers erupt in the distance, creating visual spectacles against the dark sky. The resonating rhythms of drumming merge with Indian melodies, while special festive cuisines heighten the celebratory atmosphere.
This is Diwali (or Deepavali) – the Festival of Lights, recognized as one of India’s most significant celebrations. The festival is observed in various forms across the nation, symbolizing the victory of righteousness over malevolence. For Hindus, the festival commemorates the return of Lord Rama after 14 years of exile, following his triumph over Ravana, the demon king of Lanka, as well as Lord Krishna’s conquest of the malevolent demon, Narakasura.
Diwali presents an extraordinary opportunity to experience India. Light serves as a cornerstone of the festivities – the environment sparkles with millions of lanterns, diyas (oil or ghee lamps), candles, and firecrackers, representing the illumination that guided Rama back to Ayodhya. These lights are also believed to welcome Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of prosperity, into homes of devotees.
The jubilations for Diwali commence on 31 October in 2024 and 20 October in 2025, typically spanning five days. The celebrations encompass pujas (prayer rituals), music and dance performances, exchanging sweets, and engaging in card games. In metropolitan areas, cultural programs, parades, and community events are often established.
In India, Diwali is also honored by Sikh and Jain communities. Sikhs commemorate the release of Guru Hargobind Singh from Gwalior Fort, where he was detained by the Mughal emperor Jehangir, while Jains celebrate Lord Mahavira’s attainment of moksha – liberation from the cycle of existence.
Interested in participating in the festivities? Diwali traditions have traversed the globe, thanks to Indian communities. Below are some of the premier locations to observe the Diwali celebrations (which may be nearer than you anticipate).
Where to Catch the Festivities in India
Ayodhya
Ayodhya is revered as the birthplace of Lord Rama, making Diwali an extraordinary event in this sacred city. Millions of earthen lamps, diyas, and candles illuminate the ghats along the Sarayu River. Performers enact iterations of Lord Rama’s narrative, known as Ramlila, widespread across the city – prominently at Ram Katha Park and Ram Ki Paidi – while the city’s ghats (riverside steps) become vibrant with aarti (fire rituals), culminating in fireworks. Ram Katha Park and Sarayu Ghat host devotional and cultural exhibitions, with a procession showcasing a tableau from the Ramayana on Diwali day.
Kolkata
In the capital of West Bengal, devotees pay homage to Kali, the Hindu goddess of destruction, through Kali Puja, celebrated on the new moon. This event commemorates Kali’s victory over the demon Mahishasura, featuring elaborate pandals (temporary structures) displaying Kali statues open to worship and often accompanied by performances and food for devotees. Thousands gather to pay their respects at Kalighat Temple, Belur Math, and the Dakshineswar Temple. Kali Puja follows closely after Durga Puja, another prominent event in the Bengali calendar.
Varanasi
India’s spiritual capital serves as an exceptional destination for Diwali celebrations. The most significant occasion here is Dev Diwali, observed 15 days post the main Diwali festivities (the festival aligns with the lunar calendar, so confirm dates prior to planning your visit). During Dev Diwali, which celebrates Lord Shiva’s victory over the demon Tripurasura, the city and its ghats metamorphose into a vibrant display of lights, chanting, and color. Diyas drift gently onto the banks of the Ganges, with the evenings filled with various divine processions from multiple temples before attendees gather to witness the renowned Ganga aarti ceremony. Events also incorporate folk performances and musical showcases throughout the city.
Goa
A standout tradition during Diwali involves the incineration of effigies of Narakasura, symbolizing the eradication of evil. Youths from diverse villages in Goa collaborate to create these elaborate effigies, often towering into the sky. On the eve of Naraka Chaturdashi, these figures are set ablaze amidst the lively crackle of fireworks. Various competitions occur statewide to determine who can craft the most impressive sculptures, some depicting Lord Krishna vanquishing Narakasura.
Amritsar
The spiritual core of Sikhism resides in Amritsar, Punjab. For Sikhs, Diwali symbolizes the establishment of the holiest Sikh shrine, the Golden Temple, and the release of the sixth Sikh guru, Guru Hargobind. Thus, Diwali is acknowledged as Bandi Chhor Diwas (Prisoner Liberation Day). The Golden Temple serves as the focal point of the celebrations, brilliantly illuminated with lights surrounding the Amrit Sarovar tank. Activities encompass prayers, devotional hymns, processions, and the participation of thousands in a vast communal meal at the langar (community kitchen).
Odisha (Orissa)
In the eastern state of Odisha (Orissa), Diwali is celebrated similarly to other states, with a notable distinction. Bada Badua Daka is a custom where individuals invoke their ancestors. Residents of Odisha gather before the renowned Jagannath Temple in Puri, igniting kaunriya kathis (jute sticks) and directing them upward to solicit blessings from their forefathers.
Diwali Celebrations Around the World
The traditions of Diwali have been propagated worldwide by Indian travelers and expatriate communities. Here are some premier locations to commemorate Diwali beyond the borders of India.
Little India, Singapore
The vibrant neighborhood of Little India in this island city undergoes a stunning transformation during Diwali. Celebrations commence long before the festival, as the streets are adorned with festive lights. Each year features a distinct theme for the light displays – this year’s theme is “family unity.” The primary event is orchestrated by the Little India Shopkeepers and Heritage Association (Lisha), presenting cultural programs, guided tours, cooking demonstrations, a treasure hunt, specialized Big Bus tours, workshops, and the lively Deepavali Festival Village.
Fiji
In the island nation of Fiji, Diwali has become a cherished tradition since 1879, when Indians were first brought to the country as indentured laborers under British rule. Diwali is a nationally recognized holiday celebrated by people from various backgrounds who partake in lighting diyas and candles, accompanied by festive meals and fireworks. In the capital city, Suva, a vibrant market features cultural performances, while the streets and temples of Nadi and Lautoka are illuminated with lights and rangoli art.
Trafalgar Square, London
Trafalgar Square in London hosts one of Europe’s most significant Diwali celebrations. This complimentary event is organized by the Mayor of London along with the Diwali in London committee, typically featuring workshops, music and dance performances, and various activities that provide a warm introduction to a segment of Indian culture. The 2024 festivities will include performances of Garba, Bhangra, Odissi, Lavani, and various other Indian dance styles. Participants can also learn how to tie a turban or drape a saree, explore spiritual and children’s zones, practice yoga, and engage in games similar to kho kho (similar to tag).
Leicester, UK
The city of Leicester in England hosts one of the largest Diwali celebrations outside of India. The focus of activities and events centers on Belgrave Road, informally referred to as the “Golden Mile.” There are processions featuring street performers and the anticipated return of Leicester’s “Wheel of Light” (a festive Ferris wheel). In 2024, Cossington Recreation Ground will feature a Diwali Village with food stalls, rides, laser shows, an LED light display, live entertainment, and a spectacular fireworks show.
Melbourne, Australia
Diwali is grandly celebrated in Indian-populated districts in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. The most notable festivities occur at Melbourne’s Federation Square, presented by Celebrate India. The day-long celebrations encompass music and dance performances, from classical and folk to Bollywood-style dances, along with a vibrant bazaar, Indian street cuisine, circus acts, fireworks, and workshops for crafts and painting. The 2024 celebration will unveil an interactive Ram Darbar – a pavilion illustrating the mythological origins of Diwali.
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Diwali is referred to as Hari Diwali in Malaysia, and the festival is recognized as a holiday in many regions. Little India, located in the Brickfields area of Kuala Lumpur, is the prime location to experience the festivities. Markets offer traditional Indian decorations and festive products, while local restaurants present exclusive menus. Additionally, vibrant firework displays captivate attendees. Large crowds of devotees flock to the Sri Maha Mariamman Temple and Batu Caves to participate in the religious observances.
Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobago
The nine-day Diwali celebrations hold immense cultural significance in the island nation of Trinidad & Tobago. The National Council for Indian Culture (NCIC) oversees the Diwali festivities at Divali Nagar, spanning 27 acres in the town of Chaguanas. Celebrations feature daily performances of song and dance, folk art displays, competitions, markets offering Indian garments, and a food market showcasing Indian and Indo-Trinidadian cuisine. The 2024 theme is “Building Homes and Families,” underscoring the familial importance to Indo-Trinidadians.
Jaffna, Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, Diwali is observed most passionately in Jaffna in the far north, a major hub for the Tamil community. Celebrations are often more subdued than in other locations, centering on familial homes and kovils (Hindu temples), particularly the Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil. In the lead-up to the festival, families engage in a cleaning ritual termed suthu kandu. During the festival, homes are decorated with diyas and firecrackers are set off. Indulge in traditional sweets and festive foods such as pongal rice and paniyaram – nutty, deep-fried morsels crafted from rice flour, gram flour, toasted coconut, and jaggery (palm sugar).
