The Dukha: Guardians of Mongolia’s Reindeer Culture
The Dukha are known as “reindeer people” because they live with and herd reindeer. They’re Mongolia’s only reindeer herders.The Dukha, or Tsaatans, are credited with being one of the first groups of people to domesticate animals.The Mongolian government declared the Dukha hunting ground a protected national park in 2011, restricting the area in which the tribe can hunt.The Dukha have little in common with other Mongolians. They live in urts, similar to a tepee, instead of a Mongolian ger. They herd reindeer instead of cows, yaks, or goats. They also practice shamanism instead of Buddhism.Reindeer are able to swim with ease. “This is because they have hollow winter hairs that act like the ultimate life jacket,” says Jerry Haigh, a wildlife veterinarian who snapped this picture.A single reindeer can travel 30 kilometers or more in a single day.Enkhatuya is the head shaman and de facto leader of a small group of Dukha who come to the Lake Khovsgol area to profit from summer tourism. Enkhatuya interacts with curious visitors from all over the world.The Dukha who travel to Lake Khovsgol have faced criticism that the region is too warm for reindeer.Reindeer play an important role in the Dukha’s shamanistic tradition. The white reindeer is considered to be sacred.Shamans are known to go into trances, induced by the beating of the shaman drum. Shamans frequently drink alcohol before a ritual and pause during the ceremony to smoke tobacco. Those attending the ceremony are asked to bring vodka, milk, tea, and tobacco as gifts to the shamans.The Dukha practice the shamanic healing ritual at their camp near Lake Khovsgol.
Challenges to Dukha Culture
The Dukha’s way of life faces significant threats from modernization and governmental policies. Their population has dwindled dramatically; from 200 families to just 40. This decline highlights the need for preservation of their unique heritage, which is deeply intertwined with their environment and lifestyle.
The Role of Shamanism
Shamanistic practices are central to Dukha culture. The head shaman, Enkhatuya, leads rituals that connect the community with their spiritual beliefs. Such practices not only foster their identity but also serve as a means for the Dukha to navigate the challenges posed by modern influences.
In conclusion, the Dukha remain an essential part of Mongolia’s cultural landscape. Their unique relationship with nature and commitment to traditional practices serve as a beacon of resilience in a rapidly changing world.
